It is therefore an urgent priority to supervise drug resistance in P.
Despite the cause of these outbreaks is ambiguous, increased drug resistance might be one of the factors. vivax is the predominant malaria species in the China–Myanmar border area, which caused the recent malaria outbreaks in 20. Thus, the cross-border transmission of malaria remains a great risk to China. However, China still faces the challenge of maintaining the control efforts because it shares a long border with Myanmar, involving 18 counties in Yunnan Province. Myanmar suffered the heaviest malaria load in GMS, whereas China reported no autochthonous malaria in 2017 and was certified indigenous malaria-free by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. Of the six countries within GMS, malaria transmission levels are drastically various by country. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) in Southeast Asia has targeted eliminating the menace of malaria by 2030. In 2019, 51% of the world’s 6.4 million P. falciparum, while Southeast Asia accounts for the most vivax malaria burden globally. Africa suffers the most morbidity and mortality resulted from P. Of the five species lead to human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum and P.
Malaria has been a ghastly torment to human beings for millenniums and still infects 229 million people nowadays. However, since the molecular mechanisms underneath CQ resistance is yet to be better understood, close supervision of clinical drug efficiency and continuous function investigation is urgently needed to alarm drug resistance. Resistance to chloroquine (CQ) is possibly emerging. Mutations related with resistance to antifolate drugs are prevalent in this area, while their frequencies decrease significantly with time, suggestive of increased susceptibility of P. The K10 insertion was detected at an occurrence of 33.2% in pvcrt-o, whereas there was no significant difference among the sites or over the time. In pvmdr1, the mutation Y976F occurred at a low frequency in 5/232 (2.2%), while T958M was fixed and F1076L was approaching fixed (72.4%). The S382A/C and A553G existed in 8.4% and 30.8% of the isolates, respectively. However, a significant decrease of its occurrence was also noticed over the time. In pvdhps, the A383G prevailed in 69.2% of the samples, which remained the most prevalent haplotype. While a mutation H99S/R (56.6%) dominated in Laiza and increased with time. The haplotype formed by these quadruple mutations predominated in Yingjiang, Tengchong, Longling and Nabang. vivax isolates, and these mutations significantly decreased with years. The Pearson’s Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test were applied to determine the statistical frequency differences of mutations between categorical data. Five potential drug resistance genes were amplified utilizing nested-PCR and analyzed, including pvdhfr, pvdhps, pvmdr1, pvcrt-o, and pvk12. vivax samples were collected from patients suffering uncomplicated malaria at Yingjiang, Tengchong, and Longling counties, and Nabang port in China, Yunnan province, and Laiza sub-township in Myanmar, from 2008 to 2017. vivax parasite and the possible drug selection with time. To closely supervise the emerging of drug resistance in this area, we surveyed the variations in genes potentially correlated with drug resistance in P. Plasmodium vivax remains the predominant species at the China–Myanmar border, imposing a major challenge to the recent gains in regional malaria elimination.
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